Table 4 Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis of individual-level and community level factors associated with stillbirth among women at extreme ages of reproductive life in Sub-saharan Africa, 2024 (N = 76,451)

Sex of household head

Male

1

1

Female

1.06(0.96, 1.16)

1.03(0.94, 1.14)

Maternal age

< 20

1

1

35–49

3.73(2.57, 5.41)

3.72(2.57, 5.41)

Maternal educational status

No formal education

0.66(0.54, 1.82)

0.67(0.54, 1.83)

Primary

0.79(0.64, 1.97)

0.74(0.60, 1.92)

Secondary

0.87(0.71, 1.06)

0.85(0.70, 1.04)

Higher

1

1

Husband educational status

No formal education

0.97(0.82, 1.16)

0.97(0.81, 1.16)

Primary

1.27(1.07, 1.51)

1.18(0.90, 1.41)

Secondary

1.07(0.91, 1.26)

1.06(0.90, 1.25)

Higher

1

1

Household wealth index

Poor

1.01(0.92, 1.11)

0.97(0.88, 1.08)

Middle

0.91(0.82, 1.01)

0.90(0.81, 1.00)

Rich

1

1

Household media exposure

No

0.76(0.70, 1.83 )

0.75(0.69, 1.81 )

Yes

1

1

Distance to health facility

Big problem

0.99(0.92, 1.07)

0.96(0.89, 1.04)

Not big problem

1

1

Smoking during pregnancy

No

1

1

Yes

1.09(0.79, 1.50)

1.08(0.79, 1.50)

Drinking Alcohol during pregnancy

No

1

1

Yes

1.23(1.01, 1.51)

1.58(1.24, 2.00)

Iron supplementation during pregnancy

No

0.97(0.85, 1.09)

0.92(0.82, 1.05)

Yes

1

1

Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy

No

1.12(0.81, 1.54)

1.00(0.72, 1.38)

Yes

1

1

Taking drugs during pregnancy (Fansidar, Chloroquine, others)

No

1

1

Yes

0.90(0.72, 1.13)

1.02(0.81, 1.28)

Total children ever born

≤ 3

1

1

4–6

0.93(0.82, 1.05 )

0.93(0.82, 1.04)

7–9

0.97(0.85, 1.11)

0.96(0.84, 1.09)

> 9

1.06(0.90, 1.24)

1.04(0.88, 1.22)

Place of delivery

Home

1.04(0.95, 1.13)

1.04(0.96, 1.14)

Health facility

1

1

Mode of delivery

vaginal delivery

1

1

caesarean section

1.26(1.14, 1.40)

1.23(1.11, 1.37)

Type of pregnancy

Single

1

1

Multiple

0.95(0.80, 1.12)

0.96(0.81, 1.13)

Pregnancy complications

No

1

1

Yes

1.11(0.86, 1.43)

0.93(0.71, 1.20)

Number of ANC visits

No visit

0.70(0.59, 0.84 )

0.73(0.61, 1.87)

1–3

1.10(1.01, 1.21)

1.08(0.99, 1.18)

≥ 4

1

1

Preceding birth interval

< 24

0.87(0.77, 0.97)

0.86(0.77, 1.96)

24–48

0.97(0.89, 1.05)

0.97(0.89, 1.04)

> 48

1

1

Community level variables

Type of place of residence

Urban

1

1

Rural

0.88(0.82, 0.94)

1.11(1.01, 1.23)

Community level women illiteracy

High

1.16(1.06, 1.26)

1.19(1.07, 1.32)

Low

1

1

Community level poverty

High

1.07(0.97, 1.16)

1.08(0.97, 1.19)

Low

1

1

Community level media exposure

Low

0.88(0.81, 0.97)

0.95(0.85, 1.05)

High

1

1

Community level ANC utilization

Low

0.90(0.83, 0.98)

0.94(0.85, 1.03)

High

1

1

Country category

Central SSA

1.01(0.91, 1.13)

0.69(0.57, 1.83)

East SSA

0.72(0.67, 0.77)

0.78(0.71, 1.85)

West SSA

1

1

South SSA

1.89(1.80, 1.98)

1.19(1.03, 1.38)